Thursday, August 28, 2008

Chapter 3 Practice Quiz Questions & Ch. 2/3 Homework Answers


MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.


1) A molecule inside a cell consists of over 3,500 covalently linked atoms weighing about 105,000 daltons. From this description, the molecule can most specifically be described as a
A) macromolecule.
B) polysaccharide.
C) lipid.
D) polypeptide.
E) protein.

2) Polymers of polysaccharides, fats, and proteins are all synthesized from monomers by
A) connecting monosaccharides together.
B) the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers.
C) ionic bonding of the monomers.
D) the addition of water to each monomer.
E) the removal of water (dehydration reactions).

3) Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
A) Dehydration reactions occur in plants, and hydrolysis happens in animals.
B) Hydrolysis occurs during the day, and dehydration reactions happen at night.
C) Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions destroy them.
D) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis breaks them down.
E) Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis.

4) Carbohydrates normally function in animals as
A) energy-storage molecules.
B) the functional units of lipids.
C) sites of protein synthesis.
D) enzymes in the regulation of metabolic processes.
E) a component of triglycerides.

5) The 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and physical properties because of different
A) amino groups.
B) side chains (R groups).
C) tertiary structure.
D) carboxyl groups.
E) Both A and B are correct.

6) The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires the
A) addition of a nitrogen atom.
B) release of a water molecule.
C) addition of a water molecule.
D) release of a carbon dioxide molecule.
E) Both C and D are correct.

7) Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
A) peptide bonds
B) hydrogen bonds
C) disulfide bonds
D) Only A and C are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.

8) How many different kinds of polypeptides, each composed of 5 amino acids, could be synthesized using the 20 common amino acids?
A) 5 B) 20 to power of (10) C) 5 to power of (5) D) 20 to power of (5) E) 20

9) Consider a polysaccharide consisting of 828 glucose molecules. The total hydrolysis of the polysaccharide would result in the production of
A) 828 glucose molecules and 828 water molecules.
B) 827 glucose molecules.
C) 828 glucose molecules and no water molecules.
D) 827 water molecules.
E) 827 glucose molecules and 827 water molecules.

10) Which of the following are polysaccharides?
A) glycogen and starch
B) glucose and sucrose
C) uracil and thymine
D) RNA and DNA
E) cholesterol and triacylglycerol

11) Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose?
A) They can both be digested by humans.
B) They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.
C) They are geometric isomers of each other.
D) They are both polymers of glucose.
E) They are both used for energy storage in plants.

12) What is a fat or triacylglycerol?
A) a lipid made of three fatty acids and glycerol
B) a molecule formed from three alcohols
C) a carbohydrate with three sugars
D) a protein with tertiary structure
E) a kind of lipid that makes up much of the plasma membrane

13) Which of the following is true concerning saturated fatty acids?
A) They are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil.
B) They have double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acids.
C) They are usually liquid at room temperature.
D) They are usually produced by plants.
E) They have a higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon than do unsaturated fatty acids.

14) The hydrogenation of vegetable oil would result in
A) an increase in the number of hydrogen atoms in the oil molecule.
B) a decrease in the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil molecules.
C) the oil being a solid at room temperature.
D) two of the above.
E) all of the above.

15) Which type of lipid is most important in biological membranes?
A) fat B) oil C) wax D) triglyceride E) phospholipid


1) Answer: A 2) Answer: E 3) Answer: D 4) Answer: A 5) Answer: B 6) Answer: B 7) Answer: A 8) Answer: D 9) Answer: C 10) Answer: A 11) Answer: D 12) Answer: A 13) Answer: E 14) Answer: E15) Answer: E

Chapter 2 Notebook Questions

1. How are protons, electrons, and neutrons arranged into atoms and ions.

Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the subatomic particles of atoms.

Protons carry a positive charge and they are located in the nucleus.
Neutrons carry no charge.
Electrons carry a negative charge and move around the nucleus.

When the number of protons and electrons equal other the element is said to be neutral.

If the element has more protons than electrons it becomes positive.
If the element has more electrons than protons it becomes negative.

Charged elements are called ions.

2. What are the properties of isotopes and how can these properties be useful to researchers.

Isotopes are atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain.

Some are radioactive and unstable.

Some isotopes undergo radioactive decay and are considered radioisotopes.


3. Explain how the distribution of electrons in an atom or ion determines the number and kinds of chemical bonds that can be formed.

Ionic bonding can result when one element gives up an electron to become more stable and another ion accepts the electron to become more stable.

Covalent bonding can result when two elements share electrons to become more stable.

Hydrogen bonds form between a hydrogen and another molecule because hydrogen wants to accept or share one more electron. These bonds are very weak and break easily.
4. Know the various types of chemical bonds, the circumstances under which each forms, and the relative strengths of each type.

Covalent bonds are the strongest of the three bonds. When atoms share two electrons or more they are a covalent bond.

Ionic bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. When atoms give up electrons or accept electrons they are ionically bonded together.

Hydrogen bonds are the weakest and can easily break and form. They form between a hydrogen atom and a negatively charged atom in a different molecule.

5. What are some common substances that dissolve in water.

Water can dissolve ionic substances and molecules that have a charge – salt, anything that is a polar covalent bond. It does not dissolve oil because oil is nonpolar. Remember likes dissolve likes.

6. Discuss the unique properties of water that make it vital to living organisms.

• Water has temperature stabilizing effects. Our cells are mostly made up of water. They generate a lot of heat through metabolic processes. Because the hydrogen bonds are constantly moving in water molecules it is very hard to raise the temperature of water. This prevents the cells from boiling.
• Water is an excellent solvent. Water dissolves substances in your blood stream and gut all the time.
• Cohesion is a resistance to being stretched. This creates high surface tension which is observed when you throw a pebble on a lake. This property allows plants to pull water from the ground.

7. What is the relationship between acids, bases, and salts. Compare and contrast their properties.

• Acids donate hydrogen bonds.
• Bases accept hydrogen bonds.
• A salt is any substance that dissolves easily in water and releases ions other than hydrogen and hydroxide.








Chapter 3:

1. How can small organic molecules be assembled into large macromolecules by condensation? Describe how large macromolecules can be broken into subunits by hydrolysis.

A condensation reaction is responsible for building large molecules. An enzyme catalyzes the reaction between alcohol groups on adjacent monomer units (eg. glucose). This results in the production of a polymer and a molecule of water.

A hydrolysis reaction is responsible for breaking down large molecules (eg. digestion). An enzyme weakens the bond between two parts of a polymer, allowing for the insertion of a water molecule into the bond. This results in the production of monomers.


2. Name five functional groups and describe how they can change the property of a molecule when attached to it.

• Hydroxyl – OH – in alcohols – water soluble
• Methyl – CH3 – insoluble in water
• Carbonyl – CO (Ketone) – water soluble
• Amino – NH2 – water soluble – acts as a weak base
• Phosphate – P – water soluble – acidic
• Sulfhydryl – SH – helps stabilize protein structure

3. Describe the general structure of a monosaccharide, a fatty acid, an amino acid, and a nucleotide.

• Monosaccharides – simplest carbohydrate – one sugar unit – 2 OH groups bonded to their carbon backbone and one aldehyde or ketone group. – 5 or 6 carbon atoms that tend to form rings when dissolved in water.
• Fatty Acid – start as a carboxyl group attached to a backbone of as many as 36 carbon atoms. Each carbon in the backbone has one, two, or three hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to it.
• Amino Acid – small organic compound with an amino group – NH3, a carboxyl group COO, a hydrogen atom, and one or more atoms called its R group.
• Nucleotide – have one sugar, at least one phosphate group, and one nitrogen containing base. The sugar is deoxyribose or ribose.

4. Describe the monosaccharides – give an example of three and how cells use these molecules.

• Ribose used in RNA – 5 carbon atoms
• Deoxyribose used in DNA – 5 carbon atoms
• Glucose – 6 carbon atoms – an instant energy source.

5. What is an oligosaccharide and what is their function?

• Oligosaccharide is a short chain of covalently bonded sugar monomers.
• Proteins and lipids have oligosaccharide side chains which serve as flags and docks at the cell surface for identification.
• Common oligosaccharides include: lactose and sucrose.

6. What is a disaccharide (describe its structure) and give 2 examples of this molecule and describe how they are used in the body.

• Disaccharide consist of two sugar monomers and two examples are lactose found in milk and sucrose the most plentiful sugar in nature.

7. Describe the structure of a polysaccharide and name and describe four types found in cells and give their function.

• Polysaccharides are straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers – hundreds or thousands.
• Starch is a polysaccharide and is how plants store glucose
• Cellulose is tough, insoluble, and resistant to weight loads and mechanical stress.
• Glycogen is the sugar storage equivalent of starch. Muscle and liver cells store a lot of it.
• Chitin strengthens the external skeleton and other hard parts of many animals, including crabs, earthworms, insects, spiders, and ticks.

8. Describe the structure of the lipid and describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Describe three important lipids used in cells and describe their function.

• Lipids are fats which are made up of one, two, or three fatty acids dangling like tails from a glycerol molecule. It starts as a carboxyl group attached to a backbone of as many as 36 carbon atoms. Each carbon in the backbone has as many as 1, 2, or 3 hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to it.
• Phospholipids make up the cell membrane and make it semi permeable.
• Waxes have a firm consistency and repel water. Surfaces of plants have a cuticle that contains water. Waxes protect, lubricate, and lend pliability to hair and skin. Birds secrete waxes, fats, and fatty acids that waterproof feathers. Bees use honeywax for honeycomb, which houses new generations of bees as well as honey.

9. Describe the structure and function of proteins. Describe the difference in structure between the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.

• A protein is made of a chain of amino acids strung together and is held together by peptide bonds.
• A proteins primary structure is a sequence of covalently bonded amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain.
• The secondary structure results from chains being twisted into helical coils, sheetlike arrays, and loops.
• The tertiary structure results when the shape of the protein becomes structurally stable.
• The quaternary structure consists of two or more polypeptide chains associating with each other.

10. Explain why protein structure is so important. Describe how sickle cell anemia occurs.

Proteins can not function unless they stay coiled, packed, folded in a precise way.

Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. A hemoglobin molecule is made up of four tightly packed globins.

Each globin chain is folded into a pocket that cradles a heme group – a large organic molecule with an iron atom at the center. Heme carries oxygen.

Globin has two forms – alpha and beta. Two of each form make up the hemoglobin in humans.

In a beta chain glutamate is the sixth amino acid.

A DNA mutation sometimes inserts valine in this position instead.

Glutamate has a negative charge whereas valine is neutral.

One small patch of protein changes its polarity (polar to nonpolar).

Each person inherits two genes for beta globin – one from each parent.

If one is normal and one abnormal the person can lead a normal life.

However, if a person inherits two mutant genes – sickle cell anemia results.

Normally as hemoglobin returns to the lungs to pick up more oxygen hemoglobin will clump together. However, the mutant molecules do not form clusters – instead they form large rod shaped aggregates which are sickle shaped. These clog tiny vessels and disrupt blood circulation. Tissues become oxygen starved.

11. What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA consists of two nucleotide strands joined by hydrogen bonds and twisted as a double helix. Contains Deoxyribose – can not leave the nucleus.

RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid. RNA can leave the nucleus, RNA has ribose.

Animations for Chapter 2 & 3

Protein Structure Animation

http://cwx.prenhall.com/petrucci/medialib/media_portfolio/text_images/086_ProteinsAmino.MOV

Sickle Cell Anemia Animation

http://www.dnai.org/text/mediashowcase/index2.html?id=609

Monday, August 25, 2008

Animations for Chapter 2

Properties of Water

http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.html

Water acting as a solvent

http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/dissolve.html

Properties of Water Overview Animation

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/propertiesofwater/water.html

Properties of Water Notes - Worksheet

http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dgs5z555_910zwqfzhdh

AP Lab #11 Notebook Expectations

Title: Original and Descriptive of the lab
Purpose:
1st paragraph: Include background information about animal behavior - include ethology - learned vs. innate behavior. Additionally discuss the difference between taxis and kinesis and distinguish between orientation,, agnostic, and mating behaviors.
2nd paragraph: Discuss purpose of the lab and state your hypothesis.
3rd paragraph: Relate this lab to one or more of the major themes in Ap Biology.
There are 8 major themes in this course:
1. Science as A Process
2. Evolution
3. Energy Transfer
4. Continuity and Change
5. Relationship of Structure to Function
6. Regulation
7. Interdependence in Nature
8. Science, Technology, & Society
Procedure: (Discuss Part I & II of experiment)
In paragraph form in detail describe the steps you took to design, construct, and analyze your data. Be specific and use units when appropriate and be sure to include how many trails were done and the amount of time it took to conduct the experiment. Include any drawings or diagrams of your set- up that may help the reader understand your design.
Analysis

Include at the beginning of this section a one to two sentence summary of your results.

In this section include tables, qualitative data in paragraph form, in a table, or with pictures and graphs.

For each table be sure to:
Include a specific title, include units - if appropriate.
For each graph be sure to:
Include a specific title, x axis, y axis - include a key.
Conclusion:
1st paragraph: Briefly discuss purpose of lab, procedure of lab - very briefly, and restate your hypothesis. Finally discuss briefly if your hypothesis was correct, incorrect, or inconclusive.
2nd paragraph: Use specific examples from your data tables to support your conclusion. The more examples you have the better.
3rd paragraph: Discuss experimental flaws or errors that may have occured in the lab.
4th paragraph: Discuss how this experiment could be improved and what steps you could take to expand this research if you had more time or more resources available to you.
5th paragraph: Discuss the significance of this lab with regard to themes we have in AP Biology this year, with regard to the society we live in - why is this lab important? Does it have any implications for our lives? Why should this type of research be supported?

Thursday, August 21, 2008

Chapter 2 & 3 Notebook Questions

AP Biology
Week 2: Chapter 2 & 3 Notebook Questions
Quiz: August 28th - 2 questions - 1 from Ch. 2 and 1 from Ch. 3

http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dgs5z555_750f7qbzhn4

Chapter 2 Notebook Questions

1. How are protons, electrons, and neutrons arranged into atoms and ions.
2. What are the properties of isotopes and how can these properties be useful to researchers.
3. Explain how the distribution of electrons in an atom or ion determines the number and kinds of chemical bonds that can be formed.
4. Know the various types of chemical bonds, the circumstances under which each forms, and the relative strengths of each type.
5. What are some common substances that dissolve in water.
6. Discuss the unique properties of water that make it vital to living organisms.
7. What is the relationship between acids, bases, and salts. Compare and contrast their properties.

Chapter 3:

1. How can small organic molecules be assembled into large macromolecules by condensation? Describe how large macromolecules can be broken into subunits by hydrolysis.
2. Name five functional groups and describe how they can change the property of a molecule when attached to it.
3. Describe the general structure of a monosaccharide, a fatty acid, an amino acid, and a nucleotide.
4. Describe the monosaccharides – give an example of three and how cells use these molecules.
5. What is an oligosaccharide and what is their function?
6. What is a disaccharide (describe its structure) and give 2 examples of this molecule and describe how they are used in the body.
7. Describe the structure of a polysaccharide and name and describe four types found in cells and give their function.
8. Describe the structure of the lipid and describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Describe three important lipids used in cells and describe their function.
9. Describe the structure and function of proteins. Describe the difference in structure between the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.
10. Explain why protein structure is so important. Describe how sickle cell anemia occurs.
11. What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Quiz #1 Reminders

  • Be sure to be familiar with the Olestra experiment discussed in chapter 1.
  • Be sure to be familiar with the birds that prey on butterflies discussed in chapter 1

You can review these terms to see if you are ready for the quiz.


Key Terms

cell tissues organs organ systems community
ecosystem bisophere emergent properties energy producers
consumers decomposers receptors stimulus homeostasis
DNA enzymes inheritance reproduction development
species genus, genera Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Prokaryotic protists plants fungi animals
mutation trait evolution natural selection artificial selection
observation hypothesis prediction test models
experiments scientific theory variable control group experimental group
mimicry subjective answers

  • Additionally you can try the practice quiz at the end of chapter 1. Solutions are in the back of the book.

Wednesday, August 20, 2008

Preparing for Our First Quiz & Observing Pill Bugs!

  • In class today we took a pre-quiz on Chapter 1.

http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dgs5z555_747fb7qzbvq

Solutions can be found here:

http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dgs5z555_748dzxd3938

  • We then took our first Notebook Check in Quiz. Students answered Question 2 from the homework:

2. List the distinguishing characteristics of living organisms.

Made up of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
Engage in metabolism (catabolism – breaking down food/anabolism – building larger molecules from small molecules)
Sense and respond to their environment ( homeostasis)
Have the capacity to reproduce based on DNA
Have the capacity to evolve

These will be graded and passed back on Friday.

Solutions to all of the homework questions can be found here:

http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dgs5z555_745tddtmd7d

  • Students then began their pill bug observations
Lab Notebook expectations & Helpful Quiz Reminders will be posted tomorrow!
Homework: Students should study for the Chapter 1 Quiz on Friday & be prepared to hand in Summer Homework!!!

Chapter 1 Powerpoint

Chapter 1 Powerpoint can be found here

http://docs.google.com/Presentation?id=dgs5z555_659d9m68zf4

Tuesday, August 19, 2008

Introduction to AP Lab #11 and Review Chapter 1.1. & 1.2

1. AP Biology Questions of the Day
  1. Why should we study biology?
  2. What is energy?
  3. How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
  4. What is homeostasis? Give an example of homeostasis.
  5. What is the importance of DNA?
  6. What is the importance of enzymes?
2. Review Pre-lab Questions

3. Set up Choice Chambers

4. Begin to Design Experiment #2 : Design an experiment to investigate pillbugs' response to temperature, pH, background color, light, or another variable.

5. Homework: Complete Chapter 1 questions 1-7


Monday, August 18, 2008

5 Important Ethologist


Konrad Lorenz - "Father of Ethology"


- Recognized the behavior of imprinting - irreversible rapid process where auditory & visual processes from parents induce young to follow parents.

- Young become attached to first moving object they encounter.

- Greylag geese raised by Konrad would follow him around.

Additionally Konrad Lorenz should the same could be said for inanimate objects...





Ivan Pavlov - "classical conditioning"
A stimulus can trigger a natural reflex based on learned practiced behaviors.

The dog associates the bell with food and begins to salivate.









BF Skinner - "operant conditioning

A matter of training using rewards and punishments. In this system a correct behavior results in a reward of food and an incorrect behavior triggers a punishment of an electric shock.











Karl Von Frisch - "Language of the Honey Bee"

- Discovered that honey bees have color vision.

- Discovered that bees use pheromones and the "waggle dance" to direct other bees to the food.









E.O. Wilson - Father of Biodiversity
Professor of Biology at Harvard University

Prolific writer of biology and research with a specific specialty in ants and their social behavior.

Considered a modern day Charles Darwin.

First Day of AP Biology!

Today we reviewed work that should be done and work that is due.

By Friday you should complete your reading assignment and questions from the Beak of the Finch.

Today's homework is to

1. Complete the pre-lab in your Lab Notebook. Include a table of contents page in your lab book. The pre-lab questions should be written in complete sentences or you can write the question and answer in your lab notebook. Prelab questions can be found here:http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dgs5z555_656gd4qdphs

2. FIND PILL BUGS - BRING THEM IN ASAP - KEEP THEM ALIVE PLEASE!!!!!

3. Begin to Read Chapter 1 and answer questions on weekly syllabus Chapter 1 Questions Due Thursday. Remember 1 question will be randomly graded.

1. List the levels of organization in the living world.
2. List the distinguishing characteristics of living organisms.
3. Describe the general pattern of energy flow through Earth's life forms, and explain how Earth's resources are used again and again (cycle).
4. Explain what is meant by the term diversity, and speculate about what caused the great diversity of life forms on Earth.
5. Explain how people came to believe that populations of organisms inhabiting Earth have changed through time.
6. List as many steps of the scientific approach to understanding a problem as you can.
7. Understand as well as you can what limitations are imposed on science and scientists.

If you do not have your text book yet an outline of chapter 1 can be found here:

http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dgs5z555_657gs2xjzcj

Friday, August 15, 2008

We Need Pill Bugs - Rollie Pollies


We Need Pill Bugs for our first investigation!

If you find any pill bugs between now and the first week of class please bring them in for our experiment. We need them to be living.

TO FIND PILL BUGS!

Look under logs, moist leaf litter, flower pots (a day after they have been watered), outdoor pet dishes, and under paving bricks or stones. Isopods live where it is moist and usually in a shaded area. To attract them, water soil or leaf litter in the shade and cover with plastic, piece of plywood or cardboard. Keep the area moist and check under the covering in a couple days.

How to collect
Before looking for isopods, prepare a container and tools to gather the isopods. If you are going to set them up in a container with soil in a day, you do not need to separate them from the soil (see rearing information). To collect them, use a spoon or shovel and a container. Look under a rock or log and be prepared to collect the isopods quickly before they scurry away from the light. Gently scoop up soil with the isopods and place them in the container. Look on the underside of the log or stone for others. They can be gently picked or brushed off with a finger into the container. Pill bugs often curl up and can be picked up individually or scooped up with the spoon. If you are going to keep the isopods a couple days before placing them in the classroom, use a plastic margarine or cottage cheese container with small holes poked in the lid and a moistened piece of paper towel lightly crumple inside. Use an old pie tin to sort the isopods from the soil before placing them in the container. The paper towel must be kept moist or they will die. When you are looking under rocks and logs be careful to avoid scorpions, centipedes and other animals that live there. Return the rock or log to the way it was when you found it.