Sunday, January 25, 2009
Friday, January 23, 2009
Popuation Genetics Lab #8 Outline
Title: Population Genetics Lab #8
Purpose
1st Paragraph: Discuss Hardy-Weinberg Law of Genetic Equilibrium. Discuss and define the equations and the conditions that must be met for a population to remain in equilibrium. Discuss objectives of the lab - to measure allele frequency in a population under various simulated popuations.
2nd paragraph: Discuss five sections of the lab and their objective.
To estimate the frequency of the PTC tasting allele in a sample population by finding q.
To simulate a population of randomly mating heterozygous individuals with an initial gene frequency of 0.5 for the dominant allele and the recessive allele a and genotype frequencies of 0.25 AA, 0.5 Aa, and 0.25 aa.
To simulate selection by assuming the homozygous recessive individuals never survive and heterozygous and homozygous survive 100% of the time.
To simulate the heterozygous advantage.
To simulate an island population that is small. Populations do not interact.
Briefly describe the procedure for each simulation
3rd paragraph - Relate the lab to one of the themes in AP Biology
1. Science as a Process
2. Evolution
3. Energy Transfer
4. Continuity and Change
5. Relationship of Structure to Function
6. Regulation
7. Interdependence in Nature
8. Science, Technology, and Society
Procedure:
Use a Heading for Each of the Five Test we did and describe the procedure for Each Section
PTC Test
Hardy-Weinberg at Equilibrium
Selection
Heterozygous Advantage
Genetic Drift
Data:
You can use the attached data table from class and staple this after your procedure page as long as ALL of the calculations are compete. Data here
Conclusion
1st Paragraph - Briefly discuss purpose - to test allele frequency in a variety of situations & briefly restate Hardy Weinberg law of equilibrium.
2nd Paragraph - use your data and compare your initial allele frequency 0.25 AA, 0.5 AA, and 0.25 aa with your 5th generation allele frequency for each of the five conditions. Be specific and discuss how and why the value varies from the initial frequency. Did the results meet your expectations? How did the various conditions affect the results?
3rd paragraph - discuss errors in the lab or ways the lab could be improved. What extensions can be made for this lab?
4th paragraph - restate the significance of this lab to society and relate this lab to at least one of the major themes of AP Bio.
Purpose
1st Paragraph: Discuss Hardy-Weinberg Law of Genetic Equilibrium. Discuss and define the equations and the conditions that must be met for a population to remain in equilibrium. Discuss objectives of the lab - to measure allele frequency in a population under various simulated popuations.
2nd paragraph: Discuss five sections of the lab and their objective.
To estimate the frequency of the PTC tasting allele in a sample population by finding q.
To simulate a population of randomly mating heterozygous individuals with an initial gene frequency of 0.5 for the dominant allele and the recessive allele a and genotype frequencies of 0.25 AA, 0.5 Aa, and 0.25 aa.
To simulate selection by assuming the homozygous recessive individuals never survive and heterozygous and homozygous survive 100% of the time.
To simulate the heterozygous advantage.
To simulate an island population that is small. Populations do not interact.
Briefly describe the procedure for each simulation
3rd paragraph - Relate the lab to one of the themes in AP Biology
1. Science as a Process
2. Evolution
3. Energy Transfer
4. Continuity and Change
5. Relationship of Structure to Function
6. Regulation
7. Interdependence in Nature
8. Science, Technology, and Society
Procedure:
Use a Heading for Each of the Five Test we did and describe the procedure for Each Section
PTC Test
Hardy-Weinberg at Equilibrium
Selection
Heterozygous Advantage
Genetic Drift
Data:
You can use the attached data table from class and staple this after your procedure page as long as ALL of the calculations are compete. Data here
Conclusion
1st Paragraph - Briefly discuss purpose - to test allele frequency in a variety of situations & briefly restate Hardy Weinberg law of equilibrium.
2nd Paragraph - use your data and compare your initial allele frequency 0.25 AA, 0.5 AA, and 0.25 aa with your 5th generation allele frequency for each of the five conditions. Be specific and discuss how and why the value varies from the initial frequency. Did the results meet your expectations? How did the various conditions affect the results?
3rd paragraph - discuss errors in the lab or ways the lab could be improved. What extensions can be made for this lab?
4th paragraph - restate the significance of this lab to society and relate this lab to at least one of the major themes of AP Bio.
Thursday, January 22, 2009
Wednesday, January 21, 2009
Tuesday, January 20, 2009
Animations for Chapter 19
Polyploidy Animation here
Adaptive Radiation animation in Hawaiian Honeycreepers here
K-T Asteroid here
Summary of Parapatric, Sympatric, and Allopatric Speciation here
Another video summary of speciation mechanisms here
Founder effect can lead to allopatric speciation animation here
Allopatric Speciation animation here
Another allopatric speciation animation here
Isolating Mechanism's (example of reproductive barriers) - lacewing songs here
Reproductive isolating mechanisms summary here
Chimps and Bonobos (example of behavioral barriers) - here
Hummingbird Species in Andes - example of Allopatric Speciation - geographic barriers - here
Sweaty T-shirt theory and mate choice - here
Adaptive Radiation animation in Hawaiian Honeycreepers here
K-T Asteroid here
Summary of Parapatric, Sympatric, and Allopatric Speciation here
Another video summary of speciation mechanisms here
Founder effect can lead to allopatric speciation animation here
Allopatric Speciation animation here
Another allopatric speciation animation here
Isolating Mechanism's (example of reproductive barriers) - lacewing songs here
Reproductive isolating mechanisms summary here
Chimps and Bonobos (example of behavioral barriers) - here
Hummingbird Species in Andes - example of Allopatric Speciation - geographic barriers - here
Sweaty T-shirt theory and mate choice - here
Saturday, January 17, 2009
Chapter 17 & 18 Retest Opportunity
Attached here you will find two essay questions which can be used as a retest opportunity for your Chapter 17 & 18 Test. I will average the two scores. These essay questions must be turned in to me no later than Monday January 26th! Answers should be complete and written in essay format. Show all calculations if necessary.
Retest here
Retest here
Thursday, January 15, 2009
Class Results Lab #8
Attached are class results for Lab #8 - you will need to do the calculations on your own.
We will do the last test on Tuesday next week.
Class Results and Data here
Remember on the Chapter 17 & 18 Test - we will have 40 multiple choice questions and one essay question which pertains to evidence to support evolution. Good Luck! Study the practice quizzes and study your questions from each chapter and you will be all set!!
We will do the last test on Tuesday next week.
Class Results and Data here
Remember on the Chapter 17 & 18 Test - we will have 40 multiple choice questions and one essay question which pertains to evidence to support evolution. Good Luck! Study the practice quizzes and study your questions from each chapter and you will be all set!!
Tuesday, January 13, 2009
AP Study Sessions
I have picked about three dates per month beginning in February for AP Exam Study Sessions. It is recommended that you attend at least one per month. I will pass along a sign up sheet so I know who and how many to expect.
The dates are attached here and are below
Tuesday Feb. 10th 3-5 Tuesday March 10th 3-5 Tuesday April 17th 3-5
Sunday Feb. 15th 1-4 Friday March 13th 12:30-2:30 Sunday April 20th 1-4
Friday Feb. 20th 12:30-2:30 Sunday March 15th 1-4 Friday May 1st 12:30-2:30
Sunday May 10th 1-4
The dates are attached here and are below
Tuesday Feb. 10th 3-5 Tuesday March 10th 3-5 Tuesday April 17th 3-5
Sunday Feb. 15th 1-4 Friday March 13th 12:30-2:30 Sunday April 20th 1-4
Friday Feb. 20th 12:30-2:30 Sunday March 15th 1-4 Friday May 1st 12:30-2:30
Sunday May 10th 1-4
Practice Chapter 17 & 18 Questions with Solutions
Sunday, January 11, 2009
Chapter 17 & 18 Study Guide
Chapter 17 & 18 Study Guide here
Test on Friday January 16th! - 40 multiple choice
If you are away on retreat you should be prepared to take before Thursday January 23rd!
Test on Friday January 16th! - 40 multiple choice
If you are away on retreat you should be prepared to take before Thursday January 23rd!
Wednesday, January 7, 2009
Sunday, January 4, 2009
Chapter 17 & 18 Powerpoints
Wednesday, December 17, 2008
Chapter 45 and 46 Questions Due January 6th!!!
Print here
Chapter 45 Questions
1.What is a population?
2.What are four characteristics of populations?
3.Describe the three patterns that populations can be dispersed in:
a. clumped b. uniform c. random
4. How can you determine the number of animals in a particular area?
5. What four factors affect population size?
6. What is zero population growth?
7. What is the growth rate formula?
8. What is biotic potential?
9. Name three parameters which influence why biotic potential varies from species to species.
10. Explain the three limits of growth on populations.
a. Density dependent
b. Carrying capacity and logistic growth
c. Density Independent limit
11. What is a life table?
12. What is a survivorship curve? Explain Type I, Type II, and Type III
13. What factors affected human population growth? (Name 3)
14. What is total fertility rate?
15. How does age structure influence population growth?
16. Describe the four stages of the demographic transition model:
a. preindustrial
b. transitional
c. industrial
d. postindustrial
17. What % of the world’s goods does the US use? What % of the population does the US represent?
Chapter 46 Questions
1. Define the following ecological terms: habitat, niche, community, symbiotic, competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism.
2. What five factors shape a community?
3. Compare and contrast facultative and obligatory mutualism.
4. Compare and contrast interspecific and intraspecific competition.
5. Explain the theory of competitive exclusion.
6. Explain the Type I, Type II, and Type III models of Predator/Prey interactions.
7. Explain the relationship between the Canadian lynx and snowshoe hare.
8. Discuss four types of prey defenses.
9. What are parasites and parasitoids.
10. Discuss five attributes that make parasites and parasitoids good controls.
11. Explain the relationship between the cowbirds and the buffalo.
12. Explain the following terms: ecological succession, pioneer species, primary and secondary succession.
13. What are key stone species?
14. Name three ways geographic dispersal of species can occur.
15. What has been the result of the following exotic species?
a. alga Caulerpa
b. Kudzu
c. Rabbits in Autralia
16. What happens to the number of species as you move from the Arctic to temperate to tropical zones?
17. Name three reasons biodiversity is favored in the tropics.
18. Compare and contrast distance and area affect of islands.
Chapter 45 Questions
1.What is a population?
2.What are four characteristics of populations?
3.Describe the three patterns that populations can be dispersed in:
a. clumped b. uniform c. random
4. How can you determine the number of animals in a particular area?
5. What four factors affect population size?
6. What is zero population growth?
7. What is the growth rate formula?
8. What is biotic potential?
9. Name three parameters which influence why biotic potential varies from species to species.
10. Explain the three limits of growth on populations.
a. Density dependent
b. Carrying capacity and logistic growth
c. Density Independent limit
11. What is a life table?
12. What is a survivorship curve? Explain Type I, Type II, and Type III
13. What factors affected human population growth? (Name 3)
14. What is total fertility rate?
15. How does age structure influence population growth?
16. Describe the four stages of the demographic transition model:
a. preindustrial
b. transitional
c. industrial
d. postindustrial
17. What % of the world’s goods does the US use? What % of the population does the US represent?
Chapter 46 Questions
1. Define the following ecological terms: habitat, niche, community, symbiotic, competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism.
2. What five factors shape a community?
3. Compare and contrast facultative and obligatory mutualism.
4. Compare and contrast interspecific and intraspecific competition.
5. Explain the theory of competitive exclusion.
6. Explain the Type I, Type II, and Type III models of Predator/Prey interactions.
7. Explain the relationship between the Canadian lynx and snowshoe hare.
8. Discuss four types of prey defenses.
9. What are parasites and parasitoids.
10. Discuss five attributes that make parasites and parasitoids good controls.
11. Explain the relationship between the cowbirds and the buffalo.
12. Explain the following terms: ecological succession, pioneer species, primary and secondary succession.
13. What are key stone species?
14. Name three ways geographic dispersal of species can occur.
15. What has been the result of the following exotic species?
a. alga Caulerpa
b. Kudzu
c. Rabbits in Autralia
16. What happens to the number of species as you move from the Arctic to temperate to tropical zones?
17. Name three reasons biodiversity is favored in the tropics.
18. Compare and contrast distance and area affect of islands.
Monday, December 8, 2008
AP Lab #6 Outline: Molecular Genetics
Title: AP Lab #6 Molecular Genetics
Introduction
1st paragraph: Purpose of lab - understand basic principles of genetic engineering -In the first part of the lab, you will use antibiotic-resistance plasmids to transform Escherichia coli. In the second part, you will use gel electrophoresis to separate fragments of DNA for further analysis.
2nd paragraph: Discuss background information about bacterial transformation - define transformation and discuss how a plasmid is used to insert foreign DNA into a host organism.
3rd paragraph: Discuss background information about gel electrophoresis - restriction enzymes - where they come from? Hae III and EcoRI - sticky vs. blunt cuts - the principles of gel electrophoresis - charges - positive and negative ends - purpose - to determine sizes of cut DNA fragments.
4th paragraph: Briefly discuss procedure of Part 1 & Part 2 - Part 1 we had controls and experimental colonies of E.coli. In the control we inserted no plasmids and in the experimental group we inserted a plasmid which included a gene for antibiotic resistance. E.coli typically do not duplicate in the presence of ampicillin. Cultures were grown on 5 plate, two plates of agar with the plasmid and without the plasmid, two plates of ampicillin - with and without the plasmid, one plate with ampicillin and pBlu which would make the E.coli blue when they digested the agar. This plate had E.coli with the plasmid. Predictions were made about which colonies would and would not survive on each plate and results were calculated. In Part 2 two restriction enzymes were used to cut DNA and compared to an uncut sample of DNA. Hae III and EcoRI were used to cut DNA and compared to uncut DNA. They underwent gel elecrophoresis. Bands were stained and measured. A logarithmic graph was used to determine the number of base pairs each DNA fragment was made up of.
5th paragraph: Relate this lab to one of the major themes of AP Biology:
Summarize the Procedure for Part 1: Bacterial Transformation
(if you do not have this lab sheet see me I have many copies)
Summarize the Procedure for Part 2: Gel Electrophoresis
Data
One to three sentence summary of Part 1:
Table 1: Results of Bacterial Transformation
Agar Plate with No Plasmid - Growth or No Growth
Agar Plate with Plasmid - Growth or No Growth
Agar Plate with Ampicillin and with No Plasmid - Growth or No Growth
Agar Plate with Ampicillin and Plasmid - Growth or No Growth
Agar Plate with Ampicillin and pBlu and Plasmid - Growth or No Growth
One to three sentences summary of Part 2:
Table 2: Hae III Fragment Sizes
(Table 6.1 we did in class)
Table 3: EcoRI Fragment Sizes
(Table 6.2 we did in class)
Graph 1: Fragment Sizes made from Restriction Enzymes
(Use Log Graph we did in class)
Conclusion
Paragraph 1: Summarize Purpose of two parts of lab, procedures, and predictions.
Paragraph 2: Summarize Results from Part 1: What were the results of the transformations? What was the transformation efficiency?
Paragraph 3: Summarize the Results for Part 2: What were the results of gel electrophoresis? How were fragment sizes determined? How did your interpolated results compare to actual results?
Paragraph 4: Discuss errors in lab
Paragraph 5: Discuss improvements to lab
Paragraph 6: Relate this lab to major themes in AP Biology
Introduction
1st paragraph: Purpose of lab - understand basic principles of genetic engineering -In the first part of the lab, you will use antibiotic-resistance plasmids to transform Escherichia coli. In the second part, you will use gel electrophoresis to separate fragments of DNA for further analysis.
2nd paragraph: Discuss background information about bacterial transformation - define transformation and discuss how a plasmid is used to insert foreign DNA into a host organism.
3rd paragraph: Discuss background information about gel electrophoresis - restriction enzymes - where they come from? Hae III and EcoRI - sticky vs. blunt cuts - the principles of gel electrophoresis - charges - positive and negative ends - purpose - to determine sizes of cut DNA fragments.
4th paragraph: Briefly discuss procedure of Part 1 & Part 2 - Part 1 we had controls and experimental colonies of E.coli. In the control we inserted no plasmids and in the experimental group we inserted a plasmid which included a gene for antibiotic resistance. E.coli typically do not duplicate in the presence of ampicillin. Cultures were grown on 5 plate, two plates of agar with the plasmid and without the plasmid, two plates of ampicillin - with and without the plasmid, one plate with ampicillin and pBlu which would make the E.coli blue when they digested the agar. This plate had E.coli with the plasmid. Predictions were made about which colonies would and would not survive on each plate and results were calculated. In Part 2 two restriction enzymes were used to cut DNA and compared to an uncut sample of DNA. Hae III and EcoRI were used to cut DNA and compared to uncut DNA. They underwent gel elecrophoresis. Bands were stained and measured. A logarithmic graph was used to determine the number of base pairs each DNA fragment was made up of.
5th paragraph: Relate this lab to one of the major themes of AP Biology:
1. Science as a Process
2. Evolution
3. Energy Transfer
4. Continuity and Change
5. Relationship of Structure to Function
6. Regulation
7. Interdependence in Nature
8. Science, Technology, and Society
ProcedureSummarize the Procedure for Part 1: Bacterial Transformation
(if you do not have this lab sheet see me I have many copies)
Summarize the Procedure for Part 2: Gel Electrophoresis
Data
One to three sentence summary of Part 1:
Table 1: Results of Bacterial Transformation
Agar Plate with No Plasmid - Growth or No Growth
Agar Plate with Plasmid - Growth or No Growth
Agar Plate with Ampicillin and with No Plasmid - Growth or No Growth
Agar Plate with Ampicillin and Plasmid - Growth or No Growth
Agar Plate with Ampicillin and pBlu and Plasmid - Growth or No Growth
One to three sentences summary of Part 2:
Table 2: Hae III Fragment Sizes
(Table 6.1 we did in class)
Table 3: EcoRI Fragment Sizes
(Table 6.2 we did in class)
Graph 1: Fragment Sizes made from Restriction Enzymes
(Use Log Graph we did in class)
Conclusion
Paragraph 1: Summarize Purpose of two parts of lab, procedures, and predictions.
Paragraph 2: Summarize Results from Part 1: What were the results of the transformations? What was the transformation efficiency?
Paragraph 3: Summarize the Results for Part 2: What were the results of gel electrophoresis? How were fragment sizes determined? How did your interpolated results compare to actual results?
Paragraph 4: Discuss errors in lab
Paragraph 5: Discuss improvements to lab
Paragraph 6: Relate this lab to major themes in AP Biology
Tuesday, December 2, 2008
Retest Opportunities
For those of you who are interested in doing a re-test for the Ch. 13 & 14 test
or Ch. 15 & 16 test you can do this by:
Ch. 13 & 14: Answer Critical Thinking Questions on page 217 #'s 1, 2, 3, 4 and on page 229 #'s 1,2,5,& 6
Ch. 15 & 16: Answer Critical Thinking Questions on page 241 #'s 2, 6,8 and 258 #'s 1 & 3
or Ch. 15 & 16 test you can do this by:
Ch. 13 & 14: Answer Critical Thinking Questions on page 217 #'s 1, 2, 3, 4 and on page 229 #'s 1,2,5,& 6
Ch. 15 & 16: Answer Critical Thinking Questions on page 241 #'s 2, 6,8 and 258 #'s 1 & 3
Chapter 17 Reading Questions
These questions will be due Monday December 8th!
Questions here
Schedule for Thursday December 4th - Friday December 12th
Thursday - Part II of AP Bio Lab #6 ( You will be given a study packet for the final)
We will spend about 15 min. of each class going over study questions. The final will be
AP exam questions for the topics we have covered. You will be given a packet of short readings
and practice multiple choice questions for the units we have covered. They are:
1. Chemistry
2. Cells
3. Respiration
4. Photosynthesis
5. Cell Division
6. Heredity
7. Molecular Genetics
8. Labs - (1 - diffusion and osmosis, 2 - enzyme catalysis, 3 - mitosis and meiosis, 4 - plant pigments and photosynthesis, 5 - cell respiration, 6 - molecular biology, 11- animal behavior)
Friday - Lab Analysis and introduction to Evolution
Exam will be two parts - Part 1: Friday 12/12 - 3 essay questions
Wednesday 12/17 - 120 multiple choice questions
Monday - Chapter 17 Questions due & Review for Final
Tuesday - Review for Final
Thursday - Review for Final - AP Lab #6 Due
Friday - Part 1 of Final - 3 essay questions
Questions here
Schedule for Thursday December 4th - Friday December 12th
Thursday - Part II of AP Bio Lab #6 ( You will be given a study packet for the final)
We will spend about 15 min. of each class going over study questions. The final will be
AP exam questions for the topics we have covered. You will be given a packet of short readings
and practice multiple choice questions for the units we have covered. They are:
1. Chemistry
2. Cells
3. Respiration
4. Photosynthesis
5. Cell Division
6. Heredity
7. Molecular Genetics
8. Labs - (1 - diffusion and osmosis, 2 - enzyme catalysis, 3 - mitosis and meiosis, 4 - plant pigments and photosynthesis, 5 - cell respiration, 6 - molecular biology, 11- animal behavior)
Friday - Lab Analysis and introduction to Evolution
Exam will be two parts - Part 1: Friday 12/12 - 3 essay questions
Wednesday 12/17 - 120 multiple choice questions
Monday - Chapter 17 Questions due & Review for Final
Tuesday - Review for Final
Thursday - Review for Final - AP Lab #6 Due
Friday - Part 1 of Final - 3 essay questions
Monday, December 1, 2008
Lac Operon Animation & Essay Question
Your take home essay for the Chapter 15 & 16 question is about the lac operon.
Below is an animation to help you with your understanding of this type of control:
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120080/bio27.swf
Essay Question due Tuesday 12/2
Describe the operon hypothesis and discuss how it explains the control of messenger RNA production and the regulation of protein synthesis in bacterial cells.
Below is an animation to help you with your understanding of this type of control:
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120080/bio27.swf
Essay Question due Tuesday 12/2
Describe the operon hypothesis and discuss how it explains the control of messenger RNA production and the regulation of protein synthesis in bacterial cells.
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