Monday, September 29, 2008

AP Biology Practice Quiz Answers Enzymes and Photosynthesis

1. B 6. E 11. D 16. A 21. B
2. C 7. E 12. B 17. C 22. C
3. A 8. C 13. A 18. E 23. B
4. A 9. C 14. B 19. A 24. D
5. E 10. B 15. E 20. D 25. D

Saturday, September 27, 2008

2 Exam Essay Questions to Prepare for Chapter 6 & 7 Test on Monday September 29th!

1. Discuss the light reactions for both a C3 and C4 plant.

See Document here for a comparison

2. If you isolate an extract from a tissue and discuss this sample can speed up the rate of reaction. How can you perform a series of test to determine if this extract contains enzymes?

Chapter 7 Notebook Quiz Answers

2. What are the main pathways by which energy from the sun enters photosynthetic organisms and passes from organism to organism and/or back into the environment?

See Figure 7.12 page 118

In this answer you only need to discus the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. What is made in photosynthesis is used in cellular or aerobic respiration and what is produced in aerobic respiration is used in photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis makes glucose and oxygen which are used in aerobic respiration.
Aerobic Respiration makes carbon dioxide and water which is used in photosynthesis.

A discuss of trophic levels and how energy is passed from the sun to primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers makes your answer more complete and a discussion that energy is lost at each trophic level.

Question 3: What are the steps of the light dependent and light independent reactions. What are the raw materials (reactants) needed to start each step, the products made by each step, and where in the plant each step occurs.

You could begin to answer this question with a summary of both steps:

Light Reaction Occurs in Thylakoid Membrane Requires Sunlight and Water Produces ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen


Dark Reaction Occurs in Thylakoid Membrane Requires carbon dioxide, ATP NADPH Produces Glucose


The response could then go into more specific details:


Light Reaction

1. Light hits photosystem II - photons of light energy are absorbed.

2. Water is split into oxygen and hydrogen.

3. Oxygen leaves the plant through the stomata.

4. Hydrogen build up across the membrane.

5. Electrons are passed down the electron transport chain.

6. Light hits photosystem I and drives electrons down the electron transport chain.

7. Hydrogen is passed through ATP ase protein channel forming ATP from ADP.

8. The energy from the Electron transport chain allows NADPH to form from NADP and the free hydrogens that have entered the stroma.

ATP and NADPH are used in the Light Independent Reaction

Light Independent Reaction

1. Carbon Dioxide combines with RuBP to form 2 PGA

2. 2 ATP and 2 NADPH are used to make 2 PGAL

3. PGAL is converted to RuBP using 1 ATP.

4. It takes six turns of the Calvin Benson Cycle to produce 1 glucose molecule.



Thursday, September 25, 2008

Enzyme Lab Sample Data - Part 4

Here is a sample set of data from one of the AP Teams who did a great job with their titrations:


KmNO4
Time
10 30 60 90 120 180 360

a) Base Line

4.6 ml

4.6 ml

4.6 ml

4.6 ml

4.6 ml

4.6 ml

4.6 ml

b) Final Reading

7.5 ml

8.7 ml

9.6 ml

11 ml

11.2 ml

11.3 ml

11.35 ml

c) Initial Reading

5.5 ml

7.7 ml

8.9 ml

9.7 ml

11 ml

11.2 ml

11.3 ml

d) Amount of KMnO4consumed (B – C)

e) Amount of H2O2used (A – D)

Wednesday, September 24, 2008

Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis Pre-lab questions

Questions are below:

These are due Friday September 26th!

Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis

Use your lab sheet to help you answer these questions.

1. What are the two main activities that we will perform in this lab?
2. Explain how chromatography works.
3. What is paper chromatography?
4. Name the pigment that we would expect to see near the solvent front and explain why it moves so quickly.
5. Which pigment would be nearer to the middle of a chromatography paper and why?
6. Which pigment would be nearer to the bottom of a chromatography paper and why?
7. What is the purpose of the chlorophyll a molecule in the plant?
8. What is the role of the other pigments?
9. Write a formula for determining the reference front of a pigment.
10. Which has more energy, short or long electromagnetic waves?
11. Briefly outline the steps that usually occur when light is absorbed by the pigments of an intact leaf.
12. If DPIP is a blue color, has light been absorbed by the chlorophyll?
13. What color will DPIP appear to be if photosynthesis is taking place?
14. Which instrument will be used to measure the transmittance of light so that we can measure the amount of photosynthesis occurring?
15. Do you expect to see more or less transmittance of light if photosynthesis is actually occurring?
16. Four test tubes (cuvettes) will be used in this experiment.
What is the purpose of tube 1? Tube 2? Tube 3? Tube 4?
17. In exercise 4B, what is the purpose of the water flask?
18. How will the curvettes by handled (held) and why is this necessary?
19. Why will we prevent light from entering one of our cuvettes?
20. Which cuvette do you expect to end up with the lighter color, the one that has boiled chloroplasts or the one with unboiled chloroplasts

Tuesday, September 23, 2008

Photosynthesis Links

Photosynthesis Animation - http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf

http://www.compulink.co.uk/~argus/Dreambio/photosynthesis/photosynthsis%20animation.htm

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/methuselah/photosynthesis.html#

Monday, September 15, 2008

Chapter 6 Questions - Due Thursday Sept. 18th!

Chapter 6 & 7 Reading Guide
Chapter 6 Questions Due Thursday Sept. 18th

1. What are two laws that govern the way energy is transferred from one substance to another.
2. What is an example of a metabolic pathway and explain what kinds of substances regulate activ¬ity of the pathway.
3. Tell exactly what enzymes do and how they do it.
4. How can enzymes can be controlled.
5. What is a “redox” reactions.
6. Explain how a molecule can “carry” energy.
7. Discuss how bioluminescence can be used as an indicator of metabolism.

Thursday, September 11, 2008

Beak of Finch Discussion Questions

Beak of Finch Discussion Solutions


1. Explain how Darwin viewed the finches of the Galapagos when he first found them? Why did he feel this way?

Darwin did not specify which island he found the finches. Collecting finches was part of his hobby and not what he considered research. In his mind he found several variations of one species and not several different species. He belief at this time was that species could not change.


2. On what basis did Peter Boag base his desire to conduct an egg switching experiment on Daphne Major? What did he hope to prove?


He was interested in Environment vs. Genetics. Would the new born hatchlings act more like their surrogate parents or their genetic parents? He wanted to prove that genes control behavior.


3. What happened on Daphne Major after the drought of 1977? How was natural selection being put to use?

Large birds and large beaks were favored as well as male birds due to the abundance of larger seeds that were harder to crack open.


4. Explain the experiment of Dolph Schluster and the stickle back fish? What is he trying to prove? Disprove?

Stickle back fish when found in the same lake can be found at the top of the lake and the bottom of the lake. When there is no competition the separate species can live anywhere in the lake. Schluter has created artificial ponds and lakes to find out if evolution occurs the same with and without competition. Will new traits appear in the presence and absence of competition?


5. Explain what happened on Daphe Major after the flood of 1983, and how natural selection was at work.


Small birds and small birds favored as well as female birds – the exact opposite as before the flood.


6. The Grants have discovered that hybrids are thriving on Daphne Major, explain why.


The Grants believe they are watching evolution at work. After the flood of 1983 the hybrids have been able to successfully breed. This they believe is possible due to the change in the environment caused by the floods.


7. The Grants have many concerns for the finches, but the El Nino is one of the issues at the top of the list. Why?


Drastic changes in weather can speed the rate of evolution. It may change the plant population of an area, change the predator population, or change the prey population. All of these factors may affect the success of certain traits and features in an organism. If the cactus disappears on the island many finch will also disappear.




1. Creation vs. Evolution

The themes of creation are present in the book as the dialogue between Darwin’s time and the Grant’s time is exchanged. Until the research of the Grants there was no hard evidence that evolution can happen. It was viewed as a theory. Darwin himself had a strong belief in creationism until his theory of evolution became more refined and through his studies and research he believed it was possible for organisms to have an ability to fashion new traits based on a change in the environment. The debate continues today between evolutionist and creationist as to the origins of life and the variety of species that exist today. Many scientists who are Christian believe that God created life that was capable of changing through a species DNA.


2. History vs. Present

Historical evidence provided using phrases and quotes from Origin of Species allow the reader to link ideas Darwin developed with ideas that scientist today are now testing and collecting raw data for. Darwin had many ideas and theories that went unexamined through research. However, many of his theories have shown to be correct through the work of the Grants, Boag, and Shulster. The work of Charles Darwin continues to influence modern day evolutionary biologist and researchers in the field of genetics and chemistry



3. Natural vs. Laboratory Environment

The natural environment such as the Galapagos islands is a perfect arena for collecting data because it is pristine and untouched by man and much of the pollution that society contributes to the ecosystem. However, islands and alpine lakes are not always practical and available for research.

Important scientific research is also done in a laboratory environment such as the artificial ponds that are being made by Shulster. Here variables can be controlled and data can be collected on a regular basis.

The question is are the results the same in a natural and laboratory environment – what are the advantages and disadvantages of each setting?

Friday, September 5, 2008

Chapter 5 Questions & AP Lab #1 Outline

Chapter 5 Reading Questions

1. What is the structure of the plasma membrane? Draw and label in detail. What is the function of the plasma membrane?

2. Describe the main membrane proteins (Figure 5.6) and describe their functions.

3. What are the forces that cause water and solutes to move across membranes passively?

4. Describe the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. What kind of substances travel in each of these ways?

5. Describe the mechanisms by which substances move across the membrane against a concentration gradient (active transport).

6. Why is osmosis so important to cells? Describe an isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solution.

7. Make a concept map using the following terms:

cell membrane phospholipid diffusion passive transport
active transport osmosis Ca+ pump Na/K+ pump
bulk flow endocytosis exocytosis phosopholipids
receptor mediated endocytosis

Osmosis Lab Write Up Outline

Title: Original and Descriptive of the lab
Purpose:
1st paragraph: Include background information.
2nd paragraph: Discuss purpose of the lab and state your hypothesis.
3rd paragraph: Relate this lab to one or more of the major themes in Ap Biology.
There are 8 major themes in this course:
1. Science as A Process
2. Evolution
3. Energy Transfer
4. Continuity and Change
5. Relationship of Structure to Function
6. Regulation
7. Interdependence in Nature
8. Science, Technology, & Society

Procedure:
In paragraph form in detail describe the steps you took to design, construct, and analyze your data. Be specific and use units when appropriate and be sure to include how many trails were done and the amount of time it took to conduct the experiment. Include any drawings or diagrams of your set- up that may help the reader understand your design.

Analysis

Include at the beginning of this section a one to two sentence summary of your results.
In this section include tables, qualitative data in paragraph form, in a table, or with pictures and graphs.

For each table be sure to:
Include a specific title, include units - if appropriate.
For each graph be sure to:
Include a specific title, x axis, y axis - include a key.

Conclusion:

1st paragraph: Briefly discuss purpose of lab, procedure of lab - very briefly, and restate your hypothesis. Finally discuss briefly if your hypothesis was correct, incorrect, or inconclusive.
2nd paragraph: Use specific examples from your data tables to support your conclusion. The more examples you have the better.
3rd paragraph: Discuss experimental flaws or errors that may have occurred in the lab.
4th paragraph: Discuss how this experiment could be improved and what steps you could take to expand this research if you had more time or more resources available to you.
5th paragraph: Discuss the significance of this lab with regard to themes we have in AP Biology this year, with regard to the society we live in - why is this lab important? Does it have any implications for our lives? Why should this type of research be supported?

Wednesday, September 3, 2008

Chapter 4 Powerpoint - please try

Part 1: Chapter 4 Powerpoint (Thursday)

Part 2: Chapter 4 Powerpoint (Tuesday)

Beak of Finch Power Point


Chapter 4 Homework Questions

Chapter 4 Homework Questions
Due: Thursday September 4, 2008

1. What does the cell theory state and name and describe three features that all cells share.

2. How does the surface to volume ratio constrain cell size?

3. Compare and contrast the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

4. Draw a picture of each organelle and state its function. Also indicate if it is found in prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or both types of cell.

• Nucleus
• Nuclear Envelope
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin/Chromosome
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Body
• Lysosome
• Peroxisomes
• Central Vacuole
• Mitochondria
• Ribosome
• Chloroplast
• Chromoplast
• Amyloplast

5. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the mitochondria and chloroplast.

6. Distinguish between the cell wall, primary wall, and secondary wall.

7. What are cell junctions and name and describe three common junctions in animal cells.

8. Distinguish between microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Discuss their structure and function. Do bacteria have a cytosketon?

9. Describe three ways cells can move.

No Quiz Next Friday: We will combine Chapter 4 & 5 and have that quiz on Sept. 12th!

Tuesday, September 2, 2008

Procedure to Make Up Quizzes

You must complete a make up Quiz if you received a grade lower than 70 on your quiz.

Make up quizzes must be taken before the next quiz is given.

I will post the day when I will administer the make up.

This week a make up quiz will be given on Thursday during lunch or Friday before school (7:15) or after school.

To take the make up quiz you must come to class with your quiz corrections.

I will have make up quiz review days every Tuesday.

This week I will give a make up quiz study session Wednesday during lunch.

Your new quiz grade will be a combination of the two grades.

Research of Dolph Schluter

http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~schluter/lab.html#species

Comments from Jonathan Weiner

Pulitzer Prize-winning author Jonathan Weiner will make a special appearance at Washtenaw Community College (4800 Huron River Drive, Ann Arbor Township) as part of the 2006 Ann Arbor/Ypsilanti Reads. He will discuss his book, "The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time," which was chosen as the focus of this year's Reads program. It is an examination of the groundbreaking scientific research of scientists Peter and Rosemary Grant, who spent years studying Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands and resulted in new ways to look at evolution. A booksigning will follow with copies of the book for sale, courtesy of Barnes & Noble Booksellers. The 2006 Reads theme is Revolutions in Science: the people, theories, explanations and discoveries that challenged our thinking and changed the world

http://www.aadl.org/video/view/2953